Yom HaKippurim

10th Etanim (7th month)

YOM HAKIPPURIM: THE DAY OF THE ATONEMENTS

10th Etanim (7th month). The first mention of a day for atonement comes in Exodus 30:10 [1]; Exodus 30:1-10 [2] provides several instructions about the altar of acacia wood, saying it is to be used for two things only: 1) the perpetual burning of incense and 2) the blood of the sin offering for atonements once a year. Leviticus 23:27 [3] tells us that the 'Day of the Atonements' ('Yom HaKippurim') is the 10th day of the 7th month of the Hebrew calendar ('Etanim' [4]).

'KIPPURIM' (ATONEMENTS)

The word 'kippurim' [5] always appears as a plural and refers to either the Day of Atonements or atonement sacrifices. Strong's Exhaustive Concordance, an indexing system of the words of scripture, lists 'kippur' as Strong's Hebrew Number 3725.

Strong's Exhaustive Concordance identifies the origin of 'kippur' as 'kaphar' [6], which is Strong's Hebrew Number 3722. The New American Standard (NAS) Exhaustive Concordance [7] identifies the origin of 'kippur' as 'kopher' [8], which is Strong's Hebrew Number 3724. There are several similar sounding words to the word 'kippur' in the Strong's index [9], as well as similar sounding words to the word 'pur' ('purim') [10].

BACKGROUND RESEARCH INTO 'KIPPURIM' (ATONEMENTS)

Strong's Hebrew Number 3700 'kasaph' [11] refers to something fervently sought after; so it may be understandable that Strong's Hebrew Number 3701 'keseph' [12] means silver; used as currency in ancient times. 'Keseph' was first used in Genesis 13:2 [13] in relation to the wealth of Abraham, in that he had much livestock, gold and 'silver'. It then starts to mean 'money' or 'price' as well from Genesis 17:12 [14] onwards.

Some passages that use Strong's Hebrew Number 3700 'kasaph' refer to concepts such as eagerness and shame [15] and, if we go back further, Strong's Hebrew Number 3699 'kasas' [16] refers to the practice of sharing; as stated in Exodus 12:4 [17],

"And if the household be too small for a whole lamb, let him and his nearest neighbour take it according to the number of the souls; every man according to his eating shall you make your count ('kasas') for the lamb".

It's important to note that the phrase, 'according to his eating' was also used in relation to the collection of manna in the desert, where some Israelites collected more than their equal share of an 'omer' [18] (Exodus 16:16 [19]).

Strong's Hebrew Number 3704 'kesetot' [20] then appears in Ezekiel 13:18 [21], where Yehova says,
"Woe to the women who sew magic charms ('kesetot') on their wrists and make veils for the heads of people of every height, in order to ensnare their souls. Will you ensnare the souls of My people but preserve your own?"

And Ezekiel 13:20 [22] says,

"Behold, I am against your magic charms, with which you hunt the souls to make them fly. I will tear them from your arms and will let the souls go, even the souls that you hunt to make them fly".

Strong's Hebrew Number 3709 'kaph' [23] then refers to several parts of the human body; including the sole of the foot, the palm of the hand and the dislocated hip socket of Jacob at Peniel [24]. One entry uses the word in relation to the paw of an animal (Leviticus 11:27 [25]).

Other meanings for Strong's Hebrew Number 3709 'kaph' include the concept of power, for example, Jeremiah 12:7 [26],

"I have forsaken my house; I have abandoned my heritage; I have given the beloved of my soul into the hands ('bekaph') of her enemies".

And Judges 6:14 [27],

"Go in this might of yours and save Israel from the hand ('mikaph') of Midian".

Proverbs 6:1 [28] then uses Strong's Hebrew Number 3709 'kaph' to mean 'pledge',

"My son, if you be surety for your friend; if you have struck your hand ('kapeicha' [29]) as a pledge with a stranger".

And Daniel 3:21-24 [30] uses Strong's Hebrew Number 3729 'kephath' [31] to signify the similar concept of being 'bound up' or 'tied'.

Strong's Hebrew Number 3711 'kaphah' then refers to the assuaging of anger, as stated in Proverbs 21:14 [32],

"A gift in secret pacifies ('yikpeh') anger and a reward in the bosom strong wrath".

Strong's Hebrew Number 3717 'kaphal' [33] refers to the 'doubling over' of various quantities.

Strong's Hebrew Number 3712 'kippah' [34] means 'palm tree' and both Strong's Exhaustive Concordance and NAS Exhaustive Concordance identify this word as originating from Strong's Hebrew Number 3709 'kaph' [35] (as in, a palm of the hand).

Strong's Hebrew Number 3713 'kefore' [36] means bowls, as in 'silver bowls' (1 Chronicles 28:17 [37]) although also refers to gold and other bowls (Ezra 1:10 [38] ). 'Kapporet' [39] is the name of the mercy seat in the Tabernacle to be made out of pure gold (Exodus 25:17 [40]).

Strong's Hebrew Number 3719 'kaphan' [41] means 'hunger', in the context of a vine bending its roots towards nourishment (Ezekiel 17:7 [42]); Strong's Hebrew Number 3720 'kaphawn' [43] means 'famine' in Job 5:22 [44] and Job 30:3 [45] and Strong's Hebrew Number 3721 'kaphaph' [46] and Strong's Hebrew Number 3728 'kaphash' [47] both mean to be 'bowed down' or 'bent.

TRANSFORMATION OF THE ROOT WORD 'KIPPURIM'

We can see, then, several aspects surrounding the concept of atonement and it is through a systematic review of scriptures that we can piece together what the Day of Atonements is about. The review of the words similar to 'kippurim' continues below.

STRONG'S HEBREW NUMBER 3722 'KAPHAR': 'TO PACIFY'

Strong's Hebrew Number 3722 'kaphar' [48] is the word most commonly understood as referring to atonement. It first appears in Genesis 6:14 [49], where Yehova instructs Noah to cover ('kapharta' [50]) the inside and outside of the ark with pitch. Genesis 32:30 [51] then uses it in the context of Jacob hoping to appease Esav with a gift after stealing his birthright. After that, the rest of the 104 references use 'kaphar' mostly to refer to the formal atonement processes of the priest.

STRONG'S HEBREW NUMBER 3724 'KOPHER': A RANSOM

Strong's Hebrew Number 3724 'kopher' [52] also appears first in Genesis 6:14 [53], where Noah is asked to cover the ark with pitch ('kopher'). After that, it mainly comes to mean a ransom or a bribe [54]. For example, Exodus 21:29-30 [55] states,

"But if the ox has a habit of goring and its owner became aware yet did not keep it confined and it kills a man or woman, then the ox must be stoned and its owner also be put to death. If a ransom ('kopher') is demanded of him instead, he may redeem his life by paying the full amount demanded of him".

Numbers 35:31 [56] says we are not to accept a ransom ('kopher') for the life of a murderer.

STRONG'S HEBREW NUMBER 3723 'KAPHAR': VILLAGE

It's interesting to note that Strong's Hebrew Number 3723 'kaphar' [57] means 'village' and, while this seemingly has nothing to do with atonement, it is reminiscent of the cities of refuge that murderers may flee too in cases of manslaughter. These are mentioned in Exodus 21:12-13 [58], which states,

"But if he did not lie in wait, but God delivered him into his hand ('yad' [59]), I will appoint a place for you where he can flee".

The word for 'hand of power' here is not the same as Strong's Hebrew Number 3709 'kaph' [60] although 'yad' interestingly reappears in relation to the concept of fasting; discussed further below. Kephar Haammoni [61] is the name of an Ammonite village in the territory of Benjamin (see Joshua 18:24 [62]).

THE DAY OF ATONEMENTS

The process of atonement is to take place on a particular day; 'Yom HaKippurim'; the Day of Atonements.

Although this day is alluded to in several passages [63], it is formally referred to as the Day of Atonements in Leviticus 23:27 [64], Leviticus 23:28 [65] and Leviticus 25:9 [66] only. Leviticus 23:27 and Leviticus 25:9 call it 'Yom HaKippurim' ('Day of Atonements') although Leviticus 23:28 calls it 'Yom Kippurim' ('Atonements Day').

LAWS OF THE DAY OF ATONEMENTS

Leviticus 23:27 [67] says,

"The tenth day of this seventh month is the Day of Atonements. Hold a sacred assembly ('mikrah') [68] and afflict your souls ('initem et niftechem' [69]) and present an offering by fire to Yehova".

Leviticus 23:28 [70] tells us not to do any work ('melacha' [71]) on this day.

Leviticus 16:29-31 [72] says,

"[Y]ou shall afflict your souls and not do any work - whether the native or the foreigner who resides among you because on this day atonement ('yekapper') will be made for you to cleanse ('taher' [73]) you and you will be clean from all your sins ('totechem' [74]) before Yehova. It is a Shabbat Shabbaton [75]".

We can see here, therefore, that Yom HaKippurim is a day to cleanse us of our sins through self-imposed affliction.

Leviticus 25:9 [76] says the 'shofar teruah' [77] must be sounded ('abar') [78]).

Leviticus 23:29 [79] says that anybody who is not afflicted in their soul on the day shall be 'cut off' ('nikretah') [80]. Leviticus 23:30 [81] states that those who work will be 'destroyed' ('abad') [82] and Leviticus 23:29 [83] and Leviticus 23:31 [84] both say these laws are 'permanent statutes' [85].

It is mentioned that Leviticus 23:32 [86] says in the evening of the 9th of the month (as in, the day before) we are to 'celebrate our Sabbath' ('tisbetu [87] shabbatechem' [88]) and this suggests that Yom HaKippurim should be observed for two days; on both the 9th and 10th of the 7th month. At the moment, 'Yom Kippur' is celebrated as a fast on the 10th only. Although 'Erev Yom KIppur' (the evening of Yom Hakippurim) is currently recognised by modern Judaism as requiring particular rituals [89], it is not recognised as a formal Sabbath. More research will be conducted into this next time.

AFFLICTION

Strong's Hebrew entry 6031 'anah' [90] is described by Strong's Exhaustive Concordance as,
"A primitive root (… the idea of looking down or browbeating); to depress literally or figuratively … (in various applications…) – abase self, afflict(-ion, self) … chasten self … defile, exercise, force, gentleness, humble (self)".

It first appears in Genesis 15:13 [91], where Yehova tells Abram that his descendants will strangers in a land that is not theirs and 'afflicted' for 400 years. Then, in Genesis 16:6 [92], it describes Sarah's harsh treatment of Hagar. In Genesis 31:49-50 [93], Laban says to Jacob,

"May Yehova keep watch between you and me when we are absent from each other. If you mistreat ('anah') my daughters or take other wives, although no one is with us, remember that Elohim [94] is a witness between you and me".

In Genesis 34:2 [95], it refers to the violation of Dinah by Shechem and, in Exodus 1:11[96], to the harsh treatment by Pharoah's taskmasters of the Israelites. Exodus 22:22 [97] commands us to not afflict widows or orphans and, it is after these examples, that we are first told to 'afflict our souls' in Leviticus 16:29 [98]. 'Souls' ('nefesh' [99]) is one of the earliest words in scripture (Genesis 1:20 [100] tells us that life first appeared in the oceans).

'Anah' appears in scripture 83 times [101] and it is useful to study these instances to identify what affliction really means [102], although a full review has not been possible this time.

FASTING AS AFFLICTION

Ezra 8:21 [103] (written several hundred years later) suggests that 'affliction' and fasting are similar concepts,

"Then I proclaimed a fast there, at the river of Ahava, that we might afflict ourselves before our God, to seek from Him the right way for us".

Isaiah 58:3 [104] also says,

"Why have we fasted and You have not seen? Why have we afflicted ourselves and You have not noticed?"

Fasting for affliction is an understandable interpretation from the passages discussed above (given that Strong's entry 3719 'kaphan' [105] means 'hunger' and Strong's entry 3720 'kaphawn' [106] means 'famine'). However, we are not told to fast specifically for Yom HaKippurim, so it cannot be the automatic means of atonement.

FASTING

The concept of fasting appears only later in the scriptures; 'tzom' [107] first appears in 2 Samuel 12:16 [108] and its primitive root, 'tzum' [109] first appears in Judges 20:26 [110]. Both these words essentially mean the same thing; to fast i.e. to abstain from food.

FASTING AS A PETITION STRATEGY

Judges 20 [111] recounts the story of Israel's battle against Benjamin at Gibeah, where they inquire ('yishalu' [112]) of Yehova with the Ark of the Covenant and fast. Yehova then says He will deliver Benjamin 'into their hand' ('yadecha' [113]). This suggests that fasting was a successful strategy – however – the strategy in this case was to obtain a favourable outcome in a battle, not atonement. Fasting as a petition strategy reappears in several places. For example, although the Ark of the Covenant was stolen by the Philistines in 1 Samuel 6 [114], it caused them so many problems that they were desperate to return it. When the ark was brought back, Samuel tells the house of Israel in 1 Samuel 7:3 [115],

"If you are returning to Yehova with all your hearts, then rid yourselves of the foreign gods and Ashtoreths among you, prepare your hearts for Yehova and serve Him only. And He will deliver you from the hand ('yad' [116]) of the Philistines".

1 Samuel 7 [117] goes on to recount Yehova's defeat of the Philistines and identifies several battle strategies, including the drawing and pouring of water, fasting and confession (1 Samuel 7:6 [118]), as well as presenting a burnt offering (1 Samuel 7:9 [119]). Fasting also took place, however, after the Philistines defeated Saul and his sons (1 Samuel 31:13 [120]).

'Tsum' is found in Zechariah 7:5 [121], where the word of Yehova came to Prophet Zechariah,
"Ask all the people of the land and the priests, 'when you fasted and mourned in the fifth and seventh months for the past seventy years, was it really for me that you fasted?'"

And Zechariah 8:19 [122], which says,

"This is what Yehova of Hosts says: 'The fast of the fourth month and the fast of the fifth and the fast of the seventh and the fast of the tenth shall be to the house of Judah joy and gladness and cheerful holidays ('moedim' [123]), therefore love truth and peace'".

For those who notice 'numerology', I mention that 4, 5 and 7 are the famous numbers of the Isaiah 54:17 [124] passage, 'no weapon formed against me will prosper'.

It seems fasting is a technique amongst others that can be used to help ensure petitions to Yehova are heard and accepted and they do involve an element of affliction. However, it may be more accurate to consider affliction and fasting as separate. It may even be that Zechariah 8:19 proves that fasting is not the appropriate type of atonement for Yom HaKippurim. It may be that by the time of Zechariah, the people had continued to observe fast days that had been proclaimed as a matter of ritual, when in fact they had only been proclaimed for a particular petition at the time. Zechariah 8:19 could be revealing that the decisions of the prophets and the people's zeal towards them afterwards will continue but as based on the knowledge of what really happened in these cases. 'Moed' describes a particular type of holiday within the Torah; more research on this later.

THE ROLE OF THE PRIESTS

The atonement process of Yom HaKippurim is connected to the roles of the priests and it is notable that this is the only day on which the High Priest is allowed to enter the Holy of Holies (Leviticus 16:32 - 34 [125]). The roles of the Priests on the Day of Atonements is discussed in depth in Leviticus 16 [126]. Details on the required offerings are also found in Numbers 29:7–11 [127]. Atonement has to be made for the priests (Leviticus 8 [128]), as well as for the altar (Exodus 29:36-37 [129]).
The role of the priests is a significant topic for research and this has been a long post so more research will be conducted next time.

REFERENCES

1. Exodus 30:10: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/exodus/30-10.htm.

2. Exodus 30: https://biblehub.com/bsb/exodus/30.htm.

3. Leviticus 23:27: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/leviticus/23-27.htm.

4. The 7th month is referred to literally as 'the 7th month in Genesis 8:4: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/genesis/8-4.htm (the dates of Noah's journey in the ark); Leviticus 16:29: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/leviticus/16-29.htm and Leviticus 23:27: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/leviticus/23-27.htm .It is called 'Etanim' in 1 Kings 8:2: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/1_kings/8-2.htm. Tishrei was the name given to the month after the Babylonian exile.

5. 'Kippur': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3725.htm.

6. 'Kaphar': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3722.htm.

7. NAS Exhaustive Concordance 'kippur': https://biblehub.com/nasec/hebrew/3725.htm.

8. 'Kopher': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3724.htm.

9. Strong's Numbers (Hebrew) 3000 - 3999: https://biblehub.com/strongs/d.htm. Not all of the Strong's research words have their own separate Strong's number and it is useful to scroll between entries to see, for example, Strong's entry 'kopher' 3724a: https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3724a.htm and Strong's entry 'kopher' 3724b: https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3724b.htm as well as others.

10. 'Pur': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/6332.htm; Strong's Numbers (Hebrew): 6000 – 6999: https://biblehub.com/strongs/g.htm.

11. 'Kasaph': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3700.htm.

12. 'Keseph': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3701.htm.

13. Genesis 13:2: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/genesis/13-2.htm.

14. Genesis 17:12: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/genesis/17-12.htm.

15. See for instance, Zephaniah 2:1: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/zephaniah/2-1.htm.

16. 'Kasas': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3699.htm.

17. Exodus 12:4: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/exodus/12-4.htm.

18. 'Omer': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/strongs_6016.htm.

19. Exodus 16:16: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/exodus/16-16.htm.

20. 'Kesetot': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3704.htm.

21. Ezekiel 13:18: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/ezekiel/13-18.htm.

22. Ezekiel 13:20: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/ezekiel/13-20.htm.

23. 'Kaph': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/strongs_3709.htm.

24. See Genesis 32: https://biblehub.com/bsb/genesis/32.htm.

25. Leviticus 11:27: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/leviticus/11-27.htm.

26. Jeremiah 12:7: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/jeremiah/12-7.htm.

27. Judges 6:14: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/judges/6-14.htm.

28. Proverbs 6:1: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/proverbs/6-1.htm.

29. 'Kapeicha': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/kappeicha_3709.htm. This form of the word is also used in relation to the concept of the labour of one's hands (Job 10:3: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/job/10-3.htm) and the cleanness of hands (Job 22:30: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/job/22-30.htm).

30. Daniel 3:21-24: https://biblehub.com/bsb/daniel/3.htm#21.

31. 'Kephath': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/strongs_3729.htm. Every passage between Daniel 3:21 and Daniel 3:24 uses the word 'kephath' once and this is the only place in scripture where this word appears, "21 So they were tied up, wearing robes, trousers, turbans and other clothes and they were thrown into the blazing fiery furnace. 22 The king's command was so urgent and the furnace so hot that the fiery flames killed the men who carried up Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego. 23 And these three men, Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego, firmly bound, fell into the blazing fiery furnace. 24 Suddenly King Nebuchadnezzar jumped up in amazement and asked his advisers, 'Did we not throw three men, firmly bound, into the fire?'".

32. Proverbs 21:14: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/proverbs/21-14.htm.

33. 'Kefore': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3717.htm; see also 'kephel': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3718.htm.

34. 'Kippah': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3712.htm.

35. 'Kaph': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/strongs_3709.htm.

36. 'Kefore': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3713.htm.

37. 1 Chronicles 28:17: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/1_chronicles/28-17.htm.

38. Ezra 1:10: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/ezra/1-10.htm.

39. 'Kapporet': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3727.htm.

40. Exodus 25:17: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/exodus/25-17.htm.

41. 'Kephan': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3719.htm.

42. Ezekiel 17:7: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/ezekiel/17-7.htm.

43. 'Kephawn': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3720.htm.

44. Job 5:22: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/job/5-22.htm.

45. Job 30:3: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/job/30-3.htm.

46. 'Kaphaph': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3721.htm.

47. 'Kaphash': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3728.htm.

48. 'Kaphar': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3722.htm.

49. Genesis 6:14: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/genesis/6-14.htm.

50. 'Vechapharta': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/vechafarta_3722.htm.

51. Genesis 32:30: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/genesis/32-20.htm.

52. 'Kaphar': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3722.htm.

53. Genesis 6:14: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/genesis/6-14.htm.

54. 'Kopher': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/strongs_3724.htm.

55. Exodus 21:30: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/exodus/21-30.htm.

56. Numbers 35:31: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/numbers/35-31.htm.

57. 'Kephan': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3719.htm.

58. Exodus 21: https://biblehub.com/bsb/exodus/21.htm; Exodus 21:30: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/exodus/21-30.htm.

59. 'Yad': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3027.htm.

60. 'Kaph': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/strongs_3709.htm.

61. 'Kephar Haammoni': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3726.htm.

62. Joshua 18:24: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/joshua/18-24.htm.

63. Biblehub Search, 'Day of Atonement': https://biblescan.com/search.php?q=Day+of+Atonement.

64. Leviticus 23:27: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/leviticus/23-27.htm.

65. Leviticus 23:28: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/leviticus/23-28.htm.

66. Leviticus 25:9 https://biblehub.com/interlinear/leviticus/25-9.htm.

67. Leviticus 23:27: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/leviticus/23-27.htm. See also Numbers 29:7: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/numbers/29-7.htm.

68. 'Mikrah': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/strongs_4744.htm.

69. 'Afflict' ('anah'): https://biblehub.com/bdb/6031.htm; 'souls' ('nefesh'): https://biblehub.com/nasec/hebrew/5315.htm.

70. Leviticus 23:28: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/leviticus/23-28.htm.

71. 'Melacha': https://biblehub.com/nasec/hebrew/4399.htm. The Brown Driver-Briggs resource ('melacha': https://biblehub.com/bdb/4399.htm) on Biblehub provides a good insight into the meaning of 'work' ('melacha') as discussed in scriptures; for example, 'work' of men, e.g. leather-work Leviticus 13:48; work in the field 1 Chronicles 27:26; in building Proverbs 24:27; the walls of Jerusalem Nehemiah 4:5; making the tabernacle and its furniture Exodus 36:2; work of the potter Jeremiah 18:3; work of the seaman Psalm 107:23; work of the Levites 1 Chronicles 26:29; work of priests in the sacrifices Exodus 35:24, Exodus 36:1, Leviticus 23:7, Numbers 28:18, Numbers 29:1, 1 Chronicles 9:13, 1 Chronicles 9:19, 1 Chronicles 28:13, 1 Chronicles 28:20, 1 Chronicles 23:24, Exodus 36:5. Workmen Ezra 3:9, Nehemiah 2:16, 1 Kings 5:30, 1 Kings 9:23; every kind of workmanship Exodus 31:3, Exodus 35:29, 1 Chronicles 22:15, 1 Chronicles 28:21, 1 Chronicles 29:5, 1 Kings 7:14; service, use Leviticus 7:24, Leviticus 11:32, Judges 16:11, Ezekiel 28:13. Public business, e.g. political 1 Kings 11:28, 1 Chronicles 29:6, Daniel 8:27, Esther 3:9, Esther 9:3; occupation, business Jonah 1:8; business of a steward Genesis 39:11; property in which one is occupied Exodus 22:7, Exodus 22:10; possessions of herds and flocks Genesis 33:14, 1 Samuel 15:9. Religious, for example, the putting away foreign wives Ezra 10:13, 1 Chronicles 26:30, Exodus 36:4, Exodus 38:24, 1 Chronicles 6:34, Exodus 35:21, 1 Chronicles 23:4, Ezra 3:8, Ezra 6:22, Nehemiah 10:34, Nehemiah 11:22; in judgment Jeremiah 50:25. 'Melacha': https://biblehub.com/nasec/hebrew/4399.htm. 'Melacha' first appears in Genesis 2:2: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/genesis/2-2.htm, which is also where the concept of 'rest' first appears. As such, ceasing work and 'Shabbatons' are inherently connected; see the latest IsraelAlia post on Shabbat, 'Shabbat: The 7th Day of Rest': https://web.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=916124020550971&set=pb.100064601442948.-2207520000&type=3.

72. Leviticus 16:30: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/leviticus/16-30.htm.

73. 'Taher': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/2891.htm.

74. 'Totechem': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/chattoteichem_2403.htm.

75. 'Shabbaton': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/7677.htm. 'Melacha' first appears in Genesis 2:2: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/genesis/2-2.htm, which is also where the concept of 'rest' first appears. As such, ceasing work and 'Shabbatons' are inherently connected; see the latest IsraelAlia post on Shabbat, 'Shabbat: The 7th Day of Rest': https://web.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=916124020550971&set=pb.100064601442948.-2207520000&type=3..

76. Leviticus 25:9: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/leviticus/25-9.htm.

77. 'Shofar': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/7782.htm; 'teruah': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/8643.htm.

78. 'Abar': https://biblehub.com/hebrew/5674.htm.

79. Leviticus 23:29: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/leviticus/23-29.htm.

80. 'Nikretah': https://biblehub.com/nasec/hebrew/3772.htm.

81. Leviticus 23:30: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/leviticus/23-30.htm.

82. 'Abad': https://biblehub.com/nasec/hebrew/6.htm.

83. Leviticus 23:29: https://biblehub.com/interlinear/leviticus/23-29.htm.